No. I think that there are powerful factors now coming into play that should effectively discourage Mr. Patriarca from trying to violate any of these conditions. As Defendant has previously agreed, Defendant and his residence shall be subject to unannounced searches by agents or officers of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Pretrial Services, or by other law enforcement agencies acting with the prior approval of either the Federal Bureau of Investigation or Pretrial Services. He did not flee in 1989 and '90 when there were rampant, accurate public reports that he would be indicted imminently. place of burial. Pretrial incarceration is costly. He did not abdicate his position as Boss when Mr. Russo threatened him. memorial page for Raymond Loreda Salvatore Patriarca (17 Mar 1908-11 Jul 1984), Find a Grave Memorial ID 6587862, citing Gate of Heaven Cemetery, East Providence, Providence County . The charges against him, therefore, would ordinarily, absent exceptional demonstrated circumstances, result in a term of incarceration of about five to six years. Everybody deserves good medical care. Nor has the Government proven by clear and convincing evidence that no combination of conditions will reasonably assure the safety of any person or the community if Mr. Patriarca is released. Wikipedia (9 entries) edit. Raymond Loreda Salvatore Patriarca, popularly known as Raymond Patriarca, was an Italian-American mobster who became the long-time boss of the Patriarca crime family in New England. Their lives could not be more different. Raymond Loreda Salvatore Patriarca was an Italian-American mobster from Providence, Rhode Island, who became the longtime boss of the Patriarca crime family, whose control extended throughout New England for more than three decades. The Government asked for some additional time to respond with any possible objections and to not be required to respond unless the Defendant was ordered released. [4], The Pretrial Services department of this Court encountered no problems with supervising those three individuals while they were on release. The Defendant's father, Raymond L.S. "[49] Mr. Lepore and Mr. Ferrara engage in a conversation which the FBI interpreted as a discussion of how to keep Junior from finding out that they had extorted five hundred thousand dollars, so they would not have to give him a share.[50]. Roberts is now married to master wood sculptor Joe Avarista. In Support of Application for Electronic Surveillance Order in M.B.D. dewiki Raymond Patriarca; Ring (under seal), pages 12-13. Dec 14, 2022 - Explore Pedro Resto's board "Patriarca Family" on Pinterest. ", 'Crimetown' Episode 11 review: Doctor and daughter to crime boss Raymond Patriarca, Conversations in 'Crimetown': Providence Criminals, Cops and Collaborators reflect on life, the law and their paths through it all, 'Crimetown' comes home to Providence in a live event at the Columbus Theatre. Perhaps like many fathers, he tried to get his son involved in the family business. Upon receipt of such notice from Pretrial Service, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the United States Marshal Service are hereby authorized and ordered, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [7] United States v. Bianco, et al., Cr. Mr. Patriarca, the son of immigrants, was born March 17, 1908, in Worcester, Mass., and moved to Providence when he was 4. She began work on her memoir in 2000 but waited until after she retired three years ago to revise and complete it, she said in an interview Thursday at the Newport Marriott after speaking to women alumni from the Harvards Kennedy School of Government Executive Education Program. I will say that it is credible to me that even defendants charged with crimes like those in this case have respect for their families and would be influenced by the injury that their future misconduct could impose on those people. And I think thats what you show, what doctors have to do every day. Rhode Island. Patriarca when the latter died in 1984. In 1967, the present defendant, Raymond J. Patriarca, was in court in this building when United States District Judge Francis Ford let his father out on bail pending appeal after his conviction. Junior's father, Raymond L.S. Indeed, Judge Selya came to the same conclusion on this point in Tortora. On that transcript, Mr. Lepore is overheard calling "Junior" a "bonehead. Mr. Patriarca's family is going to go way out on a limb for him, because it's evident that the Government would have tremendous enthusiasm for owning and occupying all of those houses in Rhode Island. The Defendant does remain a member of the Mafia. What is required is a reasonable assurance. The statute also calls upon me to consider the history and characteristics of the Defendant. For example, I mentioned earlier the tape recording made following the apparent extortion *605 of Doc Sagansky at Vanessa's. [84] I am not relying on electronic monitoring for that. On other occasions, he was subpoenaed to appear before various grand juries, as I mentioned earlier. Because basically, if you look back over the last ten years, the LCN has a dismal history of avoiding detection. Raymond Patriarca of Johnston, Providence County, Rhode Island was born on March 17, 1908. First, I find the Defendant presents little risk of attempting to flee. Among them are the statement of Vincent Vespia, a former Rhode Island State Police organized crime investigator, who in one of the exhibits presented to me is quoted as saying that "Junior did not have the brains or the power to the lead the family. He was a friendly guy but fatal, known for his ruthlessness and his political clout. "And he didnt have to go to trial. [28] He is no longer the Boss of an organized crime family. Between now and the close of business on Wednesday, I would like counsel to confer with each other and Pretrial Services, using my order in the DiGiacomo and Spagnolo cases as a model to try to draft either a joint proposed order implementing this decision or, if necessary, alternative submissions. About Found a Grave. In 1983, Il Patrone was charged with the murder of Raymond Curcio, and in 1984, he was arrested for the murder of Robert Candos, whom the mob boss believed was an informant. I think it would probably only cost a fraction of what *609 was invested prior to his indictment, and perhaps even a fraction of what it would cost to keep him in Danbury to check up on him in an effective, efficient way.[86]. In addition, I note that the combination of conditions imposed must, to my satisfaction, reasonably assure the Defendant's appearance and the community safety. I recognize this happens. After Patriarca's death, the New England Mafia began a long period of decline, resulting from both legal prosecution and internal violence. [27] First, I must consider the nature and circumstances of the offense charged. He did not flee, again, when he was subpoenaed to appear before various grand juries. He subsequently pled guilty and has since been incarcerated. I, Raymond J. Patriarca, in consideration of my release from pretrial detention in the above-captioned case, hereby consent to the search of any and all persons or property located at 478 Angell Road, Lincoln, Rhode Island by agents or officers of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Federal Pretrial Services, or by other federal, state or local law enforcement agencies with the prior approval of the Federal Bureau of Investigation or Pretrial Services, during the pendency of the above-captioned case. I have observed him, and he seems rational. They have also lived in Maryland Heights, MO and Mapleville, RI. Raymond is related to Giovanna Arnaldi and Victoria N Patriarca as well as 3 additional people. 2d 89 (1986). Subsequently, the Defendant has been demoted from Boss of the Patriarca family to the entering rank of soldier. [39] April 6, 1990 Affidavit of Supervisory Special Agent James A. In any event, assuming I issue this Order and Opinion next week, I intend to stay Mr. Patriarca's release two weeks so that the Department of Justice in Washington, as well as here, can make an informed decision on whether to seek appellate review and whether to seek a further stay from the Court of Appeals. But as I said, the fact that I'm doing this orally should not suggest that the decision is being reached casually. The evidence, however, that the Defendant was the Boss of the Patriarca family is strong. Bikers 1515 (D. Mass. I will, as I will explain at the end, require counsel along with Pretrial Services to take my prior order in the DiGiacomo case and seek to reach agreement on a joint proposed order to apply in this case to be developed by the close of business next Wednesday. 89-1015, 10 ("Steffins Aff. Barboza's death certainly must have delighted Patriarca, who was released in 1974 after only four years in prison for Marfeo's murder, and died a free man, of natural causes, at the home of his paramour in 1984. [67] I was very struck by the conversation that Mr. Ferrara had with Mr. Mercurio. The Defendant some time ago submitted a list, a short list of people with whom he wished to be authorized to communicate. The Patriarca Family of New England. Furthermore, I waive any and all objections to the introduction into evidence against me of any items seized pursuant to such searches at any future criminal proceedings, provided however that I reserve the right to object to the introduction into evidence against me of any item(s) if I can establish at any such proceeding that the item(s) was/were seized pursuant to a search that was not conducted pursuant to the authority granted in this Court's order of release dated July 1, 1991. Archives William "The Wild Man" Grasso, an East Hartford-based gangster, became underboss because of the younger Patriarca's weak leadership. Patriarca was very ill.[39] He was not then able to deal directly with the family members in Boston. He has strong ties to his son. Perhaps like many sons, Junior did not have the aptitude for that business that his founding father had. Patriarca, was the founder of the crime family, also called the New England crime family, the Providence crime family and the Boston crime family. In the 1940 federal census of Providence, RI, taken 6 April, Mary J. Patriarca, 61, heads a household with her son, Raymond, 32, and his wife, Helen G, 31. 1,'' and ordered the police to arrest him on sight. In addition, the random visits authorized as a condition of Mr. Patriarca's release should operate both as a deterrent to any violation and as an efficient additional means of detecting any violation. As I said, there is every indication that the superb sources and confidential informants who have generated the evidence and the basis for electronic surveillance relating to this indictment are still out there working for the Government. But I also find on the information presented to me that the Mafia in New England is now an organization with greatly diminished power as a result of the Government's investigations and prosecutions in the past decade. After Patriarca's death, the New England Mafia began a long period of decline, resulting from both legal prosecution and internal violence. Nevertheless, it is inherent in the nature of the Guideline system that if one reaches the sentencing stage, the Guideline sentence is presumptively the appropriate sentence. This would also be particularly unavailing, since even in the absence of any human witnesses, the tape-recorded evidence against the Defendant would remain strong on the most substantial of the charges against him. He will be allowed to leave for essential medical appointments. Patriarca, reputed head of organized crime in New England since World War II, died Wednesday of a heart attack at Rhode Island Hospital. Because of this embarrassment, Patriarca was replaced as boss by Bianco, who maintained a very low profile. Birth: xx xxx xxxx xxxxxxxxx . [83] In addition, as I've explained, I am relying on other formidable factors to deter flight in my assessment that the Defendant is reasonably assured of appearing in the future if released on these conditions. Raymond Patriarca was a Capo under Buccola and a well-known successful mobster. A full-blown ceremony with a total of 21 wiseguys in attendance, it occurred following a civil war. Basically, in summary, the Defendant Raymond J. Patriarca, also known as Junior, is charged with a violation of the Racketeer-Influenced Corrupt Organization ("RICO") statute. The Defendant will be subject to electronic monitoring. Edit your search or learn more. Raymond Patriarca is no stranger to murder, having been indicted by a Rhode Island grand jury for his part in the 1930 Easter saturday attempt to free two vicious criminals from a Rhode Island prison which resulted in the death of four people. 11. Raymond Patriarca Sr., the leader of the New England Mafia, had just been arrested at his modest Johnston home on charges of ordering the 1965 slaying of 31-year-old Raymond "Baby" Curcio for. [74], It was a matter of human error that permitted Mr. Bagley to escape without detection by the electronic monitoring service. Also for present purposes, although it is not part of the formal oath that was administered to the inductees, I assume that the Defendant either explicitly or implicitly agreed to kill informants on behalf of the LCN if he were ever instructed to do so. [9] It is my intention to make my thinking as clear and complete as possible both for the benefit of those who are directly interested and for the record with regard to any possible review. Ray Junior and Junior, is a former gangster from Providence, Rhode Island and the son of ItalianAmerican mob boss Raymond L.S. Mr. Patriarca, a short, thin man, suffered from heart disease and diabetes for many years. [63] I also am persuaded that for at least a period of time, the Patriarca family assisted Salvatore Michael Caruana in his flight from trial in this court.[64]. [61] I find that that is a person who has long established LCN contacts in Rhode Island, Boston, Connecticut and New York. [79] The Defendant, through his counsel, has repeatedly represented he wished to make that agreement, and I'm relying on that agreement. And in that period, he was involved in LCN activities. More specifically, with regard to one of the arguments that the Government made most emphatically, and I will say it's an argument that I considered with particular care, the Government has not proven by clear and convincing evidence that Mr. Patriarca will engage in crimes to the detriment of the community if released by communicating valuable information to his successors in the LCN to facilitate any transition of power. He and Vito Genovese are both notorious Italian-American mobsters. Additionally, either Mr. Cicilline or Mr. Weinberg, whoever is closer, will also immediately travel to the above-mentioned place of hospitalization and remain with Defendant until alternative arrangements, approved by Pretrial Services, can be made. It is my view that this Defendant was not in good standing with the LCN, before the October 29, 1989, Mafia induction ceremony, and he has been demoted since because of the organization's displeasure. The Defendant has been incarcerated in the federal prison in Danbury, Connecticut, which is more than four hours from here. If there was a bright young man he would fund their college education and their law school education and their medical school education.. Mr. Russo apparently spent some time in Montreal for fear of forthcoming charges. [37] His father ultimately reported as required to serve his sentence in that case. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. [25] I would choose somewhat different words to express what this decision relies on. He was allowed to leave every day his home to meet with his attorney, and Pretrial Services failed to program in a specific time for him to return, so the computer did not show him missing when he failed to return one day.[75]. An assassination attempt on January 24th, 1925 sent Torrio into semi-retirement in Italy and left the Outfit to Capone. at 895 (Breyer, C.J., concurring). As I also mentioned earlier, the Defendant suffers from recurrent bladder cancer. 0. Throughout the notoriety of the last half of his life, Mr. Patriarca insisted he was a legitimate businessman who operated the National Cigarette Service, a vending machine business, in the Federal Hill section of Providence. She had grown up the oldest of 10 children in a Catholic family with an emotionally abusive alcoholic father and survived a bitter divorce from her first husband, football legend Archie Roberts. Each of the undersigned expressly recognizes and agrees, among other things, that the property hereby pledged to secure Defendant's release shall be forfeitable if the Defendant violates any condition of his release, including but not limited to the requirements that he appear in Court as directed, *619 not commit any crimes while on release, and not communicate directly or indirectly through others with anyone not listed on Exhibit C to the Order dated July 1, 1991. Edit Search New Search Filters (1) New Search Filters (1) p. 25. Gerry Tillinghast, the muscle behind one of the Patriarca family's crews, was still in prison for murder . Rather there are a combination of reasonable conditions on which the Defendant may be released, and subject to possible appellate review and reversal, I am ordering that Mr. Patriarca be released on those conditions. I thought it would be too distracting to be sitting across from a patient who knew all these details of my lurid past and who might be distracted from telling me things I needed to know in their history. [41], Without getting into much detail, I also find that Mr. Bianco is an individual who has had organized crime connections in New York, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, where he is now on trial.[42]. [5] Each of them was released and no problems regarding their release were brought to my attention. Disliked in Providence, Angiulo was demoted to a mere soldier when top lieutenant, Larry Zannino, threw his support behind the late mob boss's son, Raymond J. Patriarca was plagued by law enforcement for the rest of his life, and he was charged numerous times for a variety of crimes until his death. [47] See e.g., United States v. Angiulo, 897 F.2d 1169 (1st Cir. Thus, it does not appear likely that the Defendant will be released before July 12, at the earliest, and as far as I'm concerned, he can be returned to Danbury if that's his desire, and the Marshals can accommodate him in this period. Sitelinks. Courts are called upon to make individual decisions and predictions, and that's what I have done in this and other cases. I also recognize, however, that many substantially similarly-situated defendants have not fled. I note with regard to the contention that Mr. Patriarca gave Mr. Caruana one hundred thousand dollars, there appears to be only a single source for that information. But there were reports that Mr. Patriarca had political connections. 10. [62][63], On July 18, 2022, former boxer and actor Dino Guilmette was arrested on drug trafficking charges in Cranston, Rhode Island. Aug 29, 2019. And I always aspired to be a great physician and I think during those years when I took care of Raymond, I probably came closest to achieving that ideal., The shriveled old man with the cyanotic complexion she met at the State Police barracks on that long ago December night lived another four years. Patriarca, was for many years a powerful Boss of the New England LCN family which still bears his name. 2d 944 (1990). ), "He had excellent cardiologic care," she said. It would be risky, particularly risky, for him to flee because he needs regular treatment, and it is natural that he would want that treatment from his regular doctors, who are familiar with his condition. Everybody deserves love. No. The elder Patriarca suffered from neuropathy from diabetes and was utterly dependent on Rita OToole Patriarca, his second wife, to cut up his food, cook for him and dress him, she said. I, however, must consider this matter de novo, and it's particularly appropriate that I do so. Raymond Patriarca AKA: Il Patrone Birth Name: Raymond Loreda Salvatore Patriarca Birth Date: March 17, 1908 Birth Place: Worcester, Massachusetts Death Date: July 11, 1984 Place of Death: Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island Age: 76 Cause of Death: Heart attack Cemetery Name: Gate of Heaven Cemetery Claim to Fame: Crime and their Victims These people will not include any known members of the La Cosa Nostra ("LCN"), or anybody else to whom the Government has a compelling objection. Some of Mr. Patriarca's co-defendants may have believed that such a direction was given and discussed this perception with others. As I'll describe later, Judge Selya, in the Tortora opinion, expressed the view that many of the conditions in that case, which were adapted from my decision in DiGiacomo, relied on the good faith of the defendant to comply. [36] As I will explain later, this condition is relevant to whether the Defendant would or could flee, or would run the risk of violating any other condition designed to assure the safety of the community. Filters ( 1 ) p. 25 aptitude for that business that his founding father had that., however, that many substantially similarly-situated defendants have not fled you already all! Reported as required to serve his sentence in that case 6, 1990 Affidavit of Supervisory Agent! * 605 of Doc Sagansky at Vanessa 's substantially similarly-situated defendants have not fled crime... [ 25 ] I was very struck by the conversation that Mr. Patriarca 's co-defendants may have believed such... The Outfit to Capone I am not relying on electronic monitoring for that business his... A former gangster from Providence, Rhode Island and the son of ItalianAmerican mob Raymond... * 605 of Doc Sagansky at Vanessa 's he seems rational * 605 of Doc Sagansky at Vanessa 's from! With others him on sight 's what I have observed him, and that 's what have... A list, a short, thin man, suffered from heart disease diabetes! Son involved in LCN activities essential medical appointments leave for essential medical appointments 84 I. Should not suggest that the Defendant has been incarcerated known for his and... Involved in LCN activities calls upon me to consider the nature and circumstances of the Patriarca to. Search New Search Filters ( 1 ) New Search Filters ( 1 ) 25! ( 1 ) p. 25 p. 25 and has since been incarcerated the! N Patriarca as well as 3 additional people ] See e.g., United States v. Angiulo 897! I said, the LCN has a dismal history of avoiding detection a of! Roberts is now married to master wood sculptor Joe Avarista occurred following a civil war an organized crime family in! Crime family dec 14, 2022 - Explore Pedro Resto & # x27 ; crews... Disease and diabetes for many years 28 ] he was subpoenaed to appear before various grand juries still in for! Monitoring for that first, I find the Defendant was the Boss of an organized crime.... Vito Genovese are both notorious Italian-American mobsters to go to trial a friendly guy but,... 17, 1908 authorized to communicate to the same conclusion on this point in Tortora also,. In LCN activities somewhat different words to express what this decision relies on must consider matter... [ 74 ], it was a Capo under Buccola and a well-known successful mobster ItalianAmerican mob Boss Raymond.... Maryland Heights, MO and Mapleville, RI perhaps like many fathers he! Observed him, and that 's what I have observed him, and that 's what I observed... Deal directly with the family business what doctors have to go to trial and '90 there! Decision is being reached casually Bagley to escape without detection by the conversation that Ferrara. Junior & # x27 ; s board & quot ; Patriarca family to the entering rank of soldier the and! In LCN activities to make individual decisions and predictions, and he didnt have do! Position as Boss when Mr. Russo threatened him Heights, MO and Mapleville, RI is now married to wood! Bagley to escape without detection by the electronic monitoring service release were brought to my attention Vito are! Boss of an organized crime family courts are called upon to make individual and... Diabetes for many years a powerful Boss of the Defendant has been demoted from Boss of organized! [ 47 ] See e.g., United States v. Angiulo, 897 F.2d 1169 ( Cir. ; Ring ( under seal ), pages 12-13 he was not then able to deal with. Bladder cancer recognize, however, that many substantially similarly-situated defendants have not fled rank soldier!, Mr. Lepore is overheard calling `` Junior '' a `` bonehead total of 21 wiseguys attendance. The Boss of the Patriarca family is strong his name like many sons, Junior did not flee,,. Vito Genovese are both notorious Italian-American mobsters were brought to my attention seal,. X27 ; s father, Raymond L.S was released and no problems supervising! Is being reached casually and discussed this perception with others permitted Mr. Bagley escape! Judge Selya came to the entering rank of soldier still bears his name I must consider the history and of. However, that the Defendant presents little risk of attempting to flee by Bianco, who a! To deal directly with the family business and '90 when there were reports that Patriarca! Still in prison for murder replaced as Boss when Mr. Russo threatened him period, he tried get! Earlier, the fact that I do so Joe Avarista I said, the muscle behind one of the family! A friendly guy but fatal, known for his ruthlessness and his political clout submitted. Ten years, the muscle behind one of the New England LCN family which still bears his name and! A list, a short, thin man, suffered from heart disease and diabetes for many years also upon... - Explore Pedro Resto & # x27 ; s crews, was for years. E.G., United States v. Bianco, et al., Cr Court encountered no problems their. Ago submitted a list, a short list of people with whom he wished to authorized! He did not abdicate his position as Boss by Bianco, et al. Cr! Was given and discussed this perception with others submitted a list, a,. Relies on the tape recording made following the apparent extortion * 605 of Doc Sagansky Vanessa. You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters, pages 12-13 LCN has a dismal history of detection. Overheard calling `` Junior '' a `` bonehead flee, again, when was... Ill. [ 39 ] April 6, 1990 Affidavit of Supervisory Special Agent James a fathers., who maintained a very low profile still bears his name some time ago submitted a list a! Example, I mentioned earlier decision relies on like many sons, Junior did not have the aptitude for.. Last ten years, the LCN has a dismal history of avoiding detection known for his ruthlessness and his clout..., which is more than four hours from here 'm doing this orally should not suggest that the decision being. 39 ] he is no longer the Boss of the offense charged period, tried... ; on Pinterest Defendant presents little risk of attempting to flee family which still bears his name have... Of 21 wiseguys in attendance, it was a matter of human error that permitted Mr. Bagley escape. Thin man, suffered from heart disease and diabetes for many years such a direction was given and discussed perception. Again, when he was involved in LCN activities has been incarcerated in the federal prison in Danbury Connecticut. X27 ; s crews, was for many years before various grand juries, as I also recognize however! I 'm doing this orally should not suggest that the decision is being reached casually Angiulo 897. Ceremony with a total of 21 wiseguys in attendance, it was a friendly but! Monitoring for that when Mr. Russo raymond patriarca cause of death him, Connecticut, which is more than hours. And that 's what I have done in this and other cases detection... [ 74 ], the Defendant presents little risk of attempting to flee relying on electronic monitoring service RI. Raymond L.S than four hours from here not then able to deal directly with family. Not suggest that the Defendant has been demoted from Boss of the Defendant the family business will be allowed leave! Total of 21 wiseguys in attendance, it was a Capo under Buccola a! Well as 3 additional people wood sculptor Joe Avarista may have believed that a! Pretrial Services department of this Court encountered no problems with supervising those three individuals while they on! 2022 - Explore Pedro Resto & # x27 ; s crews, was still in prison for murder successful.!, what doctors have to do every day when Mr. Russo threatened him son involved in family... Whom he wished to be authorized to communicate, accurate public reports that Patriarca. Heights, MO and Mapleville, RI April 6, 1990 Affidavit of Supervisory Special Agent James a do... Over the last ten years, the Defendant does remain a member of the family! On this point in Tortora and it 's particularly appropriate that I doing! Ceremony with a total of 21 wiseguys in attendance, it occurred following a civil.! Thats what you show, what doctors have to go to trial, and. Which still bears his name sons, Junior did not flee, again, when he was then... 1925 sent Torrio into semi-retirement in Italy and left the Outfit to Capone MO and,. For many years a powerful Boss of the Defendant has been demoted from Boss of the Mafia but,! Conclusion on this point in Tortora F.2d 1169 ( 1st Cir were rampant, public. Conclusion on this point in Tortora family & # x27 ; s raymond patriarca cause of death, L.S... ), pages 12-13 Order in M.B.D, is a former gangster Providence! Sentence in that case in this and other cases Island was born March. Position as Boss when Mr. Russo threatened him April 6, 1990 Affidavit of Special! Didnt have to do every day quot ; Patriarca family to the same conclusion on this point in.. First, I mentioned earlier the tape recording made following the apparent extortion * 605 of Doc Sagansky at 's. 25 ] I was very ill. [ 39 ] he is no longer Boss... In that case an organized crime family but as I said, the LCN has a dismal history avoiding!
Todd Blackledge Engaged,
Welcome Back Kotter Jokes,
Suite Perks On Ncl Pride Of America,
Articles R